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The espalier technique of tree
shaping uses horizontal
wires as a way of growing trees in a vertical way, in this case it is an
apple tree. The word espalier initially referred to the actual
trellis on which the plant was trained to grow, but over time
has come to be used to describe the technique.
| Arrange your
wires with 15cm distances approx 4 or 5 tiers up. Fix your wires before
you plant the tree as it will be easier than
when the tree is already growing. |
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| Dig a hole and prepare the soil with
compost, manure and fertiliser. |
| Ensure it is deep enough to get all the
roots in and allow them to spread out and so that when you put the plant
in the soil mark on the stem is the same level as the soil. |
Plant your
tree and water well. If your tree is a maiden, the leader (main stem)
should be trimmed to 30cm from the ground and the top three buds allowed
to grow till spring. The top one is then tied vertically up a cane whilst
the other two are tied at 45 degree angles to the main stem. In November
the two diagonal stems can then be lowered until they are horizontal to
the stem. The vertical stem must now be lightly pruned to encourage new
leader and tier growth. Prune down to the next upward facing bud. When new
shoots appear repeat the process as before of tying them to the canes. If
the tree has been bought already two or three tiered the process of tying
and training them can be started at planting. Any shoots that appear on
the main stem after the arms are established should be pruned back to one
leaf. All pruning on espalier trees should be done in summer. Water trees
well for the first couple of years, especially during hot
periods.
Certain types of trees are
better suited to this technique than others, although any
fruit tree will theoretically work. The branches of the plant
must be long and flexible. Examples of trees that take well to
espalier are olives, figs, lemons, apples and pears. Peaches, plums,
apricots and cherries can also be grown flat against a wall,
but are generally happier in less structured forms than those
used for apples and pears.
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