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Tree Shapes - The Espalier Technique
Tree Shapes - The Espalier Technique

The espalier technique of tree shaping uses horizontal wires as a way of growing trees in a vertical way, in this case it is an apple tree. The word espalier initially referred to the actual trellis on which the plant was trained to grow, but over time has come to be used to describe the technique.

 

Arrange your wires with 15cm distances approx 4 or 5 tiers up. Fix your wires before you plant the tree as it will be easier than when the tree is already growing. 
Dig a hole and prepare the soil with compost, manure and fertiliser. 
Ensure it is deep enough to get all the roots in and allow them to spread out and so that when you put the plant in the soil mark on the stem is the same level as the soil.

Plant your tree and water well. If your tree is a maiden, the leader (main stem) should be trimmed to 30cm from the ground and the top three buds allowed to grow till spring. The top one is then tied vertically up a cane whilst the other two are tied at 45 degree angles to the main stem. In November the two diagonal stems can then be lowered until they are horizontal to the stem. The vertical stem must now be lightly pruned to encourage new leader and tier growth. Prune down to the next upward facing bud. When new shoots appear repeat the process as before of tying them to the canes. If the tree has been bought already two or three tiered the process of tying and training them can be started at planting. Any shoots that appear on the main stem after the arms are established should be pruned back to one leaf. All pruning on espalier trees should be done in summer. Water trees well for the first couple of years, especially during hot periods.

Certain types of trees are better suited to this technique than others, although any fruit tree will theoretically work. The branches of the plant must be long and flexible. Examples of trees that take well to espalier are olives, figs, lemons, apples and pears. Peaches, plums, apricots and cherries can also be grown flat against a wall, but are generally happier in less structured forms than those used for apples and pears.

Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw
1) For non espalier trees remove all side shoots after planting; shorten the main stem to 1 to 2 buds above the bottom wire. 2) Prune maiden trees back to 1-2 buds above bottom wire. It may be necessary to tie in your main stem.
Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw
3) In the following summer choose two shoots to form the bottom branches and remove any below them. Leave the main stem intact. 4) The following winter tie in lowest pair of branches to canes and shorten the central leader.
Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw
5) In the second summer choose your second pair of branches and main stem. Treat as above (fig 3 & 4). 6) The following winter train your bottom pair of branches into their final horizontal position. Shorten main stem again to 1-2 buds above third wire.
Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw
7) Continue this method until you reach your desired height. Side shoots can be cut back to 3-4 buds in winter.

Espalier Pruning - ©Copyright T.A.Shaw

Citrus 'Imperial Lemon Espalier'

Citrus 'Imperial Lemon Espalier'

Strong growing plant with heavenly scented white flowers throughout the summer with large lemon/grapefruit fruits. As this is grown as an espalier, it is perfect against a south- or south-west facing wall. It is sensitive to cold, so will need protecting in winter, either by moving it to a frost-free place or by covering the plant with horticultural fleece.

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